Shakespeare
closes ten of his plays with spoken epilogues, usually by one of the supporting
cast (an obvious exception is The Tempest, where Prospero delivers the
epilogue). Though the convention is clearly established, the epilogue of Troilus
and Cressida is as enigmatic as is most everything else in this puzzling play
Whether the lines that end the play in most editions and performances were originally
intended as an epilogue, or were even a part of the original play, has provoked
prolonged debate among textual scholars.
The
three lines that lead into Pandarus' epilogue, with Troilus' angry dismissal of
the old bawd, have appeared before, in slightly altered form at the end of the
third scene of the final act, after Troilus has torn up Cressida's letter. In
5.3, it appears like this in the Folio (these lines do not appear here in the
1609 quarto):
Pand. Why, but heare you?
Troy. Hence brother lackie; ignomie and
shame
Pursue thy life, and liue aye with thy name.
At the end of the play,
in the Folio text, the lines essentially appear again, as Pandarus is left alone
on stage to deliver the epilogue (that also appears in the quarto):
Pand. But heare you? heare you?
Troy. Hence broker, lackie, ignomy, and
shame
Pursue thy life, and liue aye with they name.
Some, including George
Bernard Shaw, have taken this repetition to mean that the original version of
the play has Pandarus speak his final lines, not as an epilogue, but as he leaves
the play before the alarums and excursions of the fifth act's rapid battle scenes.
Shaw posits a typically inventive narrative to explain why the speech was shifted
from his "proper" place. Citing the evidence of a prior play on the subject
by Henry Chettle and Thomas Dekker, he suggests that Shakespeare's work was a
rewrite of their earlier effort, in which he retained the character of Pandarus
merely to humor the unsophisticated crowd. Pandarus, he theorizes, had spoken
an epilogue in Chettle's and Day's play that had gotten a good response.
Shakespear (sic) of course did not want
to spoil the artistic form of his last act by retaining this claptrap, and he
ended the play with Troilus's speech at the line "Hope of revenge shall hide our
inward woe." But the representative of Pandarus, after the manner of actors,
protests against being deprived of his "bit of fat," and, to satisfy him, Shakespear
transferred the three lines which follow from Scene 3, where they originally stood,
and where, in the Folio, by an oversight, they still bear witness to the incident.
Shaw may have been influenced
by an earlier nineteenth-century "acting edition" of the play that was apparently
prepared for Kemble. It transferred an abbreviated version of the speech
to the location Shaw suggests. This acting edition ends, however, not with
Troilus' lines, but with Agamemnon's triumphant "Great Troy is ours, and our sharp
wars are ended." Few subsequent scholars or directors took Shaw's theory seriously.
Pandarus' speech ends the play in virtually all editions, and no record survives
of productions which transferred the speech to the interior of the play; the Victorian
acting edition was apparently never produced on stage.
But recent editors,
if unimpressed with Shaw’s explanation for the textual anomaly, have again considered
whether Pandarus final lines were intended as an epilogue or whether they were
originally written to dismiss him from the play before it ended with the military
action. If Pandarus speaks the epilogue, the play ends with a corrosive judgment
on all we have seen. Pandarus addresses the audience as "Good traders in the flesh,"
implicating us in his obscene vision of a world of "traitors and bawds," as he
bequeaths us his "diseases" (5.11.45, 37, 56). Without it, the play is still dispiriting
but clearly less bitter. Thus some critics have argued that what we have
are two endings, perhaps designed for two different theatrical venues: the more
astringent ending designed for the sophisticated audiences at the Inns of Court
(the London law schools); the merely debunking ending, for public performance
at the Globe or other amphitheater.
Stanley Wells and
Gary Taylor, editors of the widely respected Oxford edition of Shakespeare's Complete
Works, revived doubts about the "Epilogue" and its right to a place in the text.
They end the play's text with Troilus' martial cry and relegate Pandarus' speech
to an appendix of "Additional Passages. The Oxford editors make a number
of controversial textual decisions in their edition and whether this one will
influence future productions, only time will tell.
Whatever Shakespeare’s
original intentions, the speech displays a thematic kinship with the play, and,
in the TFANA production, director Hall and his Pandarus, Tony Church, make good
use of it. Church also played Pandarus in Terry Hands' 1981 Royal Shakespeare
Company production; in that production he delivered his bitter farewell
while entangled in barbed wire that bordered the stage's battlefield. The
Pandarus who closes this production has suffered a steep slide from the genially
lecherous voyeur we met at the top of the play. Now his brightly colored
robe and cap are gone, and he is huddled in a gray, mutely-patterned wrap.
He seems grayer and much, much older.
His pale head sports
discomforting marks that were not there before: two purplish spots of Kaposi's
sarkoma. This once-rare skin cancer used to be considered an infirmity of
old men of Jewish or Mediterranean extraction. Now it is one of the signal symptoms
of advanced AIDS and its appearance among young men in the late nineteen seventies
was one of the first harbingers of the developing epidemic. Hall, when interviewed,
was frank about the connection between the pernicious venereal diseases of the
two eras. The play, he said, is, among other things, "about spreading disease
in an AIDS society - for Shakespeare it was syphilis, but it was a similar kind
of plague."
Pandarus opens in
prose. He bitterly reflects on the uncertain rewards of those who serve
as traitors and bawds. His first verse is a song in which he likens his
fate to that of the bee:
Full merrily the humble-bee doth sing,
Till he hath lost his honey and his sting; And being once subdued in armed tail,
Sweet honey and sweet notes together fail. (5.11.41-4)
He then addresses the audience, confident in his
assumption that at least most of them share his membership in "Pandars’ hall."
The audience has become his fellow tradesmen and women, "Brethren and sisters
of the hold-door trade" (51). Aware that his own diseases will soon kill him,
he announces that "[s]ome two months hence my will shall here be made" (52).
This line has aroused the interest of scholars who suspect an Inns of Court staging
for the epilogue and interpret it to mean that he will be back to compose his
will with the audience's legal advice. Others, though, suggest that he is promising
a sequel to the play, though what its subject would have been is hard to guess.
His next lines, "It
should be now, but that my fear is this, / Some galled goose of Winchester would
hiss," refers to the prostitutes or their clients "galled" with disease in the
brothels of Southwark under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Winchester.
But the district of Southwark housed not only brothels, but also theaters, including
Shakespeare's Globe and the feared hissing may only be from the theatre audiences
uncomfortabe with his sardonic commentary. Once he has finished his promise
to "bequeath [us his] diseases," Church’s Pandarus topples over, apparently dead,
into the sand.
The last stage direction
before the Epilogue in the quarto text, says "Exeunt all but Pandarus," but Hall
has not left him entirely alone on stage. Having wandered out to the battlefield
to confront Troilus, he is spied upon by Thersites [Andrew Weems], crouching off
the edge of the sandpit downstage left. Thersites rises cautiously and watches
for a moment to be sure the old man is no longer moving. He then enters
the sandy arena, looks at the body for a moment, and tosses over it the rotten
rag of a blanket which originally lay on the stage in the preset.
Thersites looks up, not at the heavens, but at the lighting instruments overhead.
He signals them out with a flick of his right hand, as he had ordered out the
house lights at the top of the show. Thersites gets, if not the last word,
at least the last gesture, appropriately, in this puzzling and disturbing play,
leaving us in the dark.
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